Impacts of Renewable Energy Facilities
In order to achieve the greenhouse gas reductions needed to sustain a livable climate, we must scale up renewable energy capacity at a rapid pace. Wind and solar energy facilities emit no air pollution and have minimal environmental effects as compared to fossil fuel plants, but like all types of development, renewable energy projects do have impacts. However, misinformation sometimes leads those impacts to be misunderstood or exaggerated.
The Sabin Center created this resource bank to provide evidence-based and credible information about the impacts of wind and solar energy facilities so that advocates, residents of communities that host renewable energy projects, and other members of the public can reach informed opinions about renewable energy. The resource bank contains peer-reviewed scientific articles and reports published by governmental agencies and trade organizations.
Please contact Matthew Eisenson at matthew.eisenson@law.columbia.edu with questions or suggestions. The Sabin Center is grateful to Naomi Zimmermann and Radhika Goyal for their work on the resource bank.
Solar Facilities
- Environmental impacts from the solar energy technologies, Energy Policy, February 2005
- Environmental impacts of utility-scale solar energy, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, January 2014
- Environmental impacts of of solar energy systems: A review, Science of The Total Environment, February 2021
- Regional variations in the health, environmental, and climate benefits of wind and solar generation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013
- The contribution of Utility-Scale Solar Energy to the global climate regulation and its effects on local ecosystem services, Global Energy and Conservation, 2014
- Environmental impacts from the installation and operation of large-scale solar power plants, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011
- Understanding Emerging Impacts and Requirements Related to Utility-Scale Solar Development (Technical Report), OSTI, 2016
- Understanding Emerging Impacts and Requirements Related to Utility-Scale Solar Development, Argonne National Laboratory, 2016
- Environmental Impacts of the Solar Energy Systems: Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2009
- Impact of Solar Energy in Rural Development in India, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 2012
- Global prospects, progress, policies, and environmental impact of solar photovoltaic power generation, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015
- The great solar boom: a global perspective into the far reaching impact of an unexpected energy revolution, Energy Science & Engineering, 2015
- Environmental Impacts from the Solar Energy Systems Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2008
- Role of solar energy in reducing ecological footprints: An empirical analysis, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021
- Environmental benefits of domestic solar energy systems, Energy Conservation and Management, 2004
- Solar electricity generation—A comparative view of technologies, costs and environmental impact, Solar Energy, 1997
- The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change, Nature Energy, 2017
- Potential environmental risk of solar cells: Current knowledge and future challenges, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020
- Solar Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment (book), 2010
- Economical and environmental analysis of grid connected photovoltaic systems in Spain, Renewable Energy, 2006
- Renewable energy and climate change, Significance, 2012
- Regional variations in the health, environmental, and climate benefits of wind and solar generation, PNAS, 2013
- Renewable energy and sustainable development: a crucial review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2000
- The likely adverse environmental impacts of renewable energy sources, Applied Energy, April 2000
- Michigan Community Solar: An Economic Assessment, Michigan State University, October 2021
- End of Life Management of Photovoltaic Panels: Trends in PV Module Recycling Technologies, International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, 2018
- Life Cycle Assessment of Current Photovoltaic Module Recycling, International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, 2018
- End-of-Life Solar PV Panels, International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, International Renewable Energy Agency, 2016
- End of Life Management: Solar Photovoltaic Panels (Technical Report), National Renewable Energy Lab, 2017
- Environmental impacts and economic feasibility of end of life photovoltaic panels in Australia: A comprehensive assessment, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020
- Sustainable urban electricity supply chain -- Indicators of material recovery and energy savings from crystalline silicon photovoltaic panels end-of-life, Ecological Indicators, 2018
- Strategic overview of management of future solar photovoltaic panel waste generation in the Indian context, Waste Management and Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy
- Photovoltaic panel recycling: from type-selective processes to flexible apparatus for simultaneous treatment of different types, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2015
- Recovery of valuable materials from end-of-life thin-film photovoltaic panels: environmental impact assessment of different management options, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015
- Life Cycle Assessment of an innovative recycling process for crystalline silicon photovoltaic panels, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2016
- A novel and efficient method for resources recycling in waste photovoltaic panels: High voltage pulse crushing, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020
- Photovoltaic waste assessment of major photovoltaic installations in the United States of America, Renewable Energy, April 2019
- Photovoltaic waste assessment in Mexico, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, December 2017
- Photovoltaic waste assessment in Italy, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, January 2015
- The environmental and economic impacts of photovoltaic waste management in Thailand, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, April 2019
- Photovoltaic waste assessment: Forecasting and screening of emerging waste in Australia, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, July 2019
- Projection of photovoltaic waste in Spain until 2050, Journal of Cleaner Production, September 2018
- Life Cycle Inventories and Life Cycle Assessments of Photovoltaic Systems, International Energy Association Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, 2020
- Life Cycle Assessment for Emerging Technologies: Case Studies for Photovoltaic and Wind Power, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2005
- Sustainability of photovoltaics: The case for thin-film solar cells, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009
- Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Electricity Generation, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2012
- Lifecycle climate impacts and economic performance of commercial-scale solar PV systems: A study of PV systems at Nevada’s Desert Research Institute (DRI), Solar Energy, 2015
- Photovoltaics: Life-cycle analyses, Solar Energy, 2011
- Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions, water, and land use for concentrated solar power plants with different energy backup systems, Energy Policy, 2013
- Emissions from Photovoltaic Life Cycles, Environmental Science & Technology, 2008
- Life-cycle uses of water in U.S. electricity generation, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010
- Life‐cycle assessment of photovoltaic modules: Comparison of mc‐Si, InGaP and InGaP/mc‐Si solar modules, Progress in Photovoltaics, 2003
- Environmental impacts of III–V/silicon photovoltaics: life cycle assessment and guidance for sustainable manufacturing, Energy & Environmental Science, 2020
- Life cycle analysis of metals in emerging photovoltaic (PV) technologies: A modeling approach to estimate use phase leaching, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018
- The energy return on energy investment (EROI) of photovoltaics: Methodology and comparisons with fossil fuel life cycles, Energy Policy, 2012
- Life cycle assessment on PERC solar modules, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2018
- Environmental Impacts of Solar-Photovoltaic and Solar-Thermal Systems with Life-Cycle Assessment, Energies 2018
- Review on Life Cycle Assessment of Solar Photovoltaic Panels, Energies, 2020
- Life-cycle assessment of cradle-to-grave opportunities and environmental impacts of organic photovoltaic solar panels compared to conventional technologies, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2016
- Eco-Energetical Life Cycle Assessment of Materials and Components of Photovoltaic Power Plant, Energies, 2020
- Third generation of photovoltaic panels: A life cycle assessment, Renewable Energy, 2021
- Life cycle assessment of photovoltaic electricity generation, Energy, 2008
- Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of photovoltaic panels: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014
- Life Cycle Assessment of Power Generation from Solar Energy in Thailand, Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, 2016
- Full environmental life cycle cost analysis of concentrating solar power technology: Contribution of externalities to overall energy costs, Solar Energy, 2016
- Understanding future emissions from low-carbon power systems by integration of life-cycle assessment and integrated energy modelling, Nature Energy, 2017
- Life Cycle Assessment for Emerging Technologies: Case Studies for Photovoltaic and Wind Power, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2005
- Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy technologies, Renewable Energy, 2006
- Environmental impact assessment of monocrystalline silicon solar photovoltaic cell production: a case study in China, Journal of Cleaner Production, January 2016
- Environmental impacts from the installation and operation of large-scale solar power plants Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Aug. 2011)
- Land-Use Requirements for Solar Power Plants in the United States, National Renewable Energy Lab, June 2013
- Land-use requirements and the per-capita solar footprint for photovoltaic generation in the United States, Energy Policy, September 2008
- The potential land requirements and related land use change emissions of solar energy, Scientific Reports, February 2021
- Assessing vulnerabilities and limits in the transition to renewable energies: Land requirements under 100% solar energy scenarios, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, September 2017
- More solar farms or more bioenergy crops? Mapping and assessing potential land-use conflicts among renewable energy technologies in eastern Ontario, Canada, Applied Geography, 2015
- Solar PV Power Potential is Greatest Over Croplands, Scientific Reports, 2019
- Renewable energy and food supply: will there be enough land?, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2005
- Land-Use Efficiency of Big Solar, Environmental Science & Technology, 2013
- Exploring the decision-space for renewable energy generation to enhance spatial efficiency, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2015
- Unveiling land footprint of solar power: A pilot solar tower project in China, Journal of Environmental Management, 2021
- The Land Sparing, Water Surface Use Efficiency, and Water Surface Transformation of Floating Photovoltaic Solar Energy Installations, Sustainability, 2020
- A comparison of land-use requirements in solar-based decarbonization scenarios, Energy Policy, 2017
- Incorporating Land-Use Requirements and Environmental Constraints in Low-Carbon Electricity Planning for California, Environmental Science & Technology, 2015
- Strategic land use analysis for solar energy development in New York State, Renewable Energy, 2021
- Interactions of wind energy project siting, wind resource potential, and the evolution of the U.S. power system, Energy, 2021
- Measuring and modelling the land‐use intensity and land requirements of utility‐scale photovoltaic systems in the Canadian province of Ontario, The Canadian Geographer, 2018
- Solar Development on Contaminated and Disturbed Lands, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2013
- The impact of off-site land use energy intensity on the overall life cycle land use energy intensity for utility-scale solar electricity generation technologies, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2015
- Feasibility Study of Solar Photovoltaics on Landfills in Puerto Rico, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2011
- Siting Renewable Energy: Land Use and Regulatory Context, Ecology Law Quarterly, 2010
- Perspectives on environmental impacts and a land reclamation strategy for solar and wind energy systems, Science of the Total Environment, 2020
- Low-impact land use pathways to deep decarbonization of electricity, Environmental Research Letters, 2020
- Land use for United States power generation: A critical review of existing metrics with suggestions for going forward, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021
- Land use and electricity generation: A life-cycle analysis, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009
- Energy Sprawl or Energy Efficiency: Climate Policy Impacts on Natural Habitat for the United States of America, PLOS One, 2009
- Site Renewables Right: Accelerating a Clean and Green Energy Future, Nature Conservancy, February 2022
- Wind, sun, and wildlife: do wind and solar energy development “short-circuit” conservation in the western United States?, Environmental Research Letters, July 2020
- Wildlife Conservation and Solar Energy Development in the Desert Southwest, United States, BioScience, December 2011
- Impacts of solar energy on butterfly communities in mediterranean agro-ecosystems, Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, November 2017
- Reduced ecosystem services of desert plants from ground-mounted solar energy development, Nature Sustainability, 2020
- Solar energy development impacts on land cover change and protected areas, PNAS, 2015
- Large photovoltaic power plants: Wildlife impacts and benefits, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2011
- Avian Mortality at Solar Energy Facilities in Southern California: A Preliminary Analysis, National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory, 2014
- A preliminary assessment of avian mortality at utility-scale solar energy facilities in the United States, Renewable Energy, 2016
- Review of avian mortality studies at concentrating solar power plants, AIP Conference Proceedings, 2016
- Avian interactions with energy infrastructure in the context of other anthropogenic threats, The Condor, 2016
- Assessing the impacts of a utility-scale photovoltaic solar energy facility on birds in the Northern Cape, South Africa, Renewable Energy, 2019
- Reducing the Maladaptive Attractiveness of Solar Panels to Polarotactic Insects, Conservation Biology, 2010
- Wildlife Conservation and Solar Energy Development in the Desert Southwest, United States, Bioscience, 2011
- Avian Mortality at a Solar Energy Power Plant, Journal of Field Ornithology, 1986
- A Review of Avian Monitoring and Mitigation Information at Existing Utility-Scale Solar Facilities, Argonne National Laboratory, NREL, 2015
- Georgia Low-Impact Siting Tool, The Nature Conservancy, last accessed Jan. 2022.
- Evaluating Rare Earth Element Availability: A Case with Revolutionary Demand from Clean Technologies, Environmental Science and Technology, 2012
- Material bottlenecks in the future development of green technologies, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018
- Resource constraints in a hydrogen economy based on renewable energy sources: An exploration, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010
- Material constraints for thin-film solar cells, Energy, 1998
- Thin-film photovoltaic power generation offers decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing environmental co-benefits in the long term, Environmental Science and Technology, 2014
- Requirements for Minerals and Metals for 100% Renewable Scenarios, Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals, 2019
- Metal production requirements for rapid photovoltaics deployment - Energy & Environmental Science (RSC Publishing), Energy & Environmental Science, 2015
- Assessing the need for critical mineral to shift the German energy system towards a high proportion of renewables, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015
- Life cycle assessment of advanced technologies for photovoltaic panel production, International Journal of Heat and Technology, 2010
- Minerals go critical, Nature Chemistry, 2011
- Challenges in assessment of clean energy supply-chains based on byproduct minerals: A case study of tellurium use in thin film photovoltaics, Applied Energy, 2014
- Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials, Energy Policy, 2011
- Strategic mineral resources: Availability and future estimations for the renewable energy sector, Environmental Development, April 2021
- Critical Minerals and Energy–Impacts and Limitations of Moving to Unconventional Resources, Resources, 2016
- Solar Energy Generation Using Agriculture Cultivated Lands, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2014
- Productivity and radiation use efficiency of lettuces grown in the partial shade of photovoltaic panels, European Journal of Agronomy, 2013
- Solar Sharing for Both Food and Clean Energy Production: Performance of Agrivoltaic Systems for Corn, A Typical Shade-Intolerant Crop, Environments, 2019
- Partial shading by solar panels delays bloom, increases floral abundance during the late-season for pollinators in a dryland, agrivoltaic ecosystem, Scientific Reports, 2021
- Examining the Potential for Agricultural Benefits from Pollinator Habitat at Solar Facilities in the United States, Environmental Science & Technology, 2018
- Combining solar photovoltaic panels and food crops for optimising land use: Towards new agrivoltaic schemes, Renewable Energy, 2011
- Integrating solar energy with agriculture: Industry perspectives on the market, community, and socio-political dimensions of agrivoltaics, Energy Research & Social Science, 2021
- Agrivoltaics provide mutual benefits across the food–energy–water nexus in drylands, Nature Sustainability, 2019
- Modeling the ecosystem services of native vegetation management practices at solar energy facilities in the Midwestern United States, Ecosystem Services, 2021
- Combining food and energy production: Design of an agrivoltaic system applied in arable and vegetable farming in Germany, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021
- Compatibility between Crops and Solar Panels: An Overview from Shading Systems, Sustainability, 2018
- Dual use of agricultural land: Introducing ‘agrivoltaics’ in Phoenix Metropolitan Statistical Area, USA, Landscape and Urban Planning, 2018
- The potential of agrivoltaic systems, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016
- On the Coexistence of Solar-Energy Conversion and Plant Cultivation, International Journal of Solar Energy, 1982
- Remarkable agrivoltaic influence on soil moisture, micrometeorology and water-use efficiency, PlosOne, 2018
- Effects of greenhouse photovoltaic array shading on Welsh onion growth, Biosystems Engineering, 2012
- Remarkable agrivoltaic influence on soil moisture, micrometeorology and water-use efficiency, PlosOne, 2018
- To mix or not to mix : evidences for the unexpected high productivity of new complex agrivoltaic and agroforestry systems, Conference: Resilient Food Systems for a changing world: 5th World Congress of Conservation Agriculture, 2011
- How does a shelter of solar panels influence water flows in a soil–crop system?, European Journal of Agronomy, 2013
- Microclimate under agrivoltaic systems: Is crop growth rate affected in the partial shade of solar panels?, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2013
- Increasing the total productivity of a land by combining mobile photovoltaic panels and food crops, Applied Energy, 2017
- Colocation opportunities for large solar infrastructures and agriculture in drylands, Applied Energy, 2016
- Overview of Opportunities for Co-Location of Solar Energy Technologies and Vegetation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2013
- The Photovoltaic Heat Island Effect: Larger solar power plants increase local temperatures, Scientific Reports, 2016
- The impact of photovoltaic (PV) installations on downwind particulate matter concentrations: Results from field observations at a 550-MWAC utility-scale PV plant, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2017
- The potential for air-temperature impact from large-scale deployment of solar photovoltaic arrays in urban areas, Solar Energy, 2013
- Modeling impacts of roof reflectivity, integrated photovoltaic panels and green roof systems on sensible heat flux into the urban environment, Building and Environment, 2011
- Impact of solar panels on global climate, Nature Climate Change, 2016
- A Study of the Hazardous Glare Potential to Aviators from Utility-Scale Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Systems, ISRN Renewable Energy, 2011
- Evaluation of Glare as a Hazard for General Aviation Pilots on Final Approach, Federal Aviation Administration, 2015
- Visibility and Visual Characteristics of the Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Power Tower Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, 2017
- Relieving a Glaring Problem, Solar Today, 2013
- Evaluation of Glare at the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System, Energy Procedia, 2015
- Hazard Analyses of Glint and Glare from Concentrating Solar Power Plants, U.S. DOE, 2009
- Fully solar powered Doncaster Sheffield Airport: Energy evaluation, glare analysis and CO2 mitigation, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2021
- Methodology to Assess Potential Glint and Glare Hazards From Concentrating Solar Power Plants: Analytical Models and Experimental Validation, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 2011
- Analysis of solar PV glare in airport environment: Potential solutions, Results in Engineering, 2020
- Solar reflected glare affecting visual performance, Windsor Conference 2014: Counting the Cost of Comfort in a Changing World, Windsor Park, United Kingdom, April 2014
- Utility‐Scale Solar Energy Facility Visual Impact Characterization and Mitigation, Argonne National Laboratory, 2013
- The territorial and landscape impacts of photovoltaic systems: Definitions of impacts and assessment of the glare risk, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009
- Visual Impacts of Utility-scale Solar Energy Facilities on Southwestern Desert Landscapes, Proceedings, National Association of Environmental Professionals 37th Annual Conference, 2012
- Designing and assessing solar energy neighborhoods from visual impact, Sustainable Cities and Society, 2021
- Aesthetic impact of solar energy systems, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018
- Assessing visibility in multi-scale urban planning: A contribution to a method enhancing social acceptability of solar energy in cities, Solar Energy, 2018
- Utility-scale solar and public attitudes toward siting: A critical examination of proximity, Land Use Policy, 2016
- Potential Visual Impacts of Utility-Scale Solar Energy Development within Solar Energy Zones on Selected Viewpoints in Death Valley and Joshua Tree National Parks, and El Camino Real De Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail, Argonne National Laboratory, 2013
- A method for the assessment of the visual impact caused by the large-scale deployment of renewable-energy facilities, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2010
- On the Path to SunShot: The Environmental and Public Health Benefits of Achieving High Penetrations of Solar Energy in the Unite, NREL, 2016
- Evaluating Potential Human Health Risks Associated with the Development of Utility-Scale Solar Energy Facilities on Contaminated, Argonne National Laboratory, 2013
- A review of Safety, Health and Environmental (SHE) issues of solar energy system, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015
- The environmental, health, and safety implications of solar energy in central station power production, Energy, 1993
- Climate, air quality and human health benefits of various solar photovoltaic deployment scenarios in China in 2030, Environmental Research Letters, 2018
- A comparative human health, ecotoxicity, and product environmental assessment on the production of organic and silicon solar cells, Progress in Photovoltaics, 2016
- Estimating direct human health impacts of end-of-life solar recovery, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2016
Wind Facilities
- Impacts of wind energy on environment: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, September 2015
- Environmental Impacts of Wind-Energy Projects, National Research Council, 2007
- Environmental impact of wind energy, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, June 2011
- Potential environmental impacts of wind energy development: A global perspective, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, February 2020
- A Spatial Hedonic Analysis of the Effects of Wind Energy Facilities on Surrounding Property Values in the United States, Berkeley National Laboratory, August 2013
- The Clean Air Benefits of Wind Energy, American Wind Energy Association, 2014
- The consumer and societal benefits of wind energy in Texas, American Wind Energy Association, 2014
- Wind energy: Increasing deployment, rising environmental concerns, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014
- Wind energy development and its environmental impact: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012
- Long-term implications of sustained wind power growth in the United States: Potential benefits and secondary impacts, Applied Energy, 2016
- Wind energy and environmental assessments – A hard look at two forerunners' approaches: Germany and the United States, Renewable Energy, 2013
- Environmental impact and pollution-related challenges of renewable wind energy paradigm – A review, Science of the Total Environment, 2019
- Impact of wind-energy generation on climate: A rising spectre, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016
- The Environmental Impact of Wind Energy Developments, The Town Planning Review, 1990
- Environmental Impacts of Wind Energy, Journal of Clean Technologies, 2013
- Environmental issues associated with wind energy – A review, Renewable Energy, 2015
- Environmental impacts of wind energy applications: "Myth or reality?", Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2003
- The Environmental and Community Impacts of Wind Energy in the UK, Wind Engineering, 1990
- Quantifying the health and environmental benefits of wind power to natural gas, Energy Policy, February 2013
- Wind Energy Technology, Environmental Impacts of, Encyclopedia of Energy, 2004
- A review of the environmental and human impacts from wind parks. A case study for the Prefecture of Lasithi, Crete, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, June 2012
- Environmental Impacts of Wind-Energy Projects, National Research Council, 2007
- Renewable energy and climate change, Significance, 2012
- Regional variations in the health, environmental, and climate benefits of wind and solar generation, PNAS, 2013
- Renewable energy and sustainable development: a crucial review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2000
- The likely adverse environmental impacts of renewable energy sources, Applied Energy, April 2000
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Tilting at windmills? Electoral repercussions of wind turbine projects in Minnesota, Energy Policy, December 2021
- Wind turbine blade waste in 2050, Waste Management, April 2017
- Waste and material flow analysis in the end-of-life wind energy system, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, June 2019
- Life cycle assessment of wind farms in Ethiopia, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, November 2020
- Remanufacturing: An Alternative for End of Use of Wind Turbines, Leveraging Technology for a Sustainable World, 2012
- Recycling wind turbine blades, Renewable Energy Focus, 2009
- Decommissioning wind energy projects: An economic and political analysis, Energy Policy, 2013
- The end of the line for today’s wind turbines, Renewable Energy Focus, 2016
- Sustainable decommissioning of an offshore wind farm, Renewable Energy, 2017
- Lifetime extension of onshore wind turbines: A review covering Germany, Spain, Denmark, and the UK, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018
- Wind Turbines’ End-of-Life: Quantification and Characterisation of Future Waste Materials on a National Level, Energies, 2016
- Environmentally sound design and recycling of future wind power systems, FOI Swedish Defence Research Agency, 2002
- Control the System and Environment of Post-Production Wind Turbine Blade Waste Using Life Cycle Models. Part 1. Environmental Transformation Models, Polymers, 2020
- Destruction assessment of wind power plastics blade, Polimery, 2018
- Comparative life cycle assessment of 2.0 MW wind turbines, International Journal of Sustainable Manufacturing, 2014
- Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Electricity Generation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, January 2013
- Life cycle assessment of a multi-megawatt wind turbine, Renewable Energy, 2009
- The life-cycle energy and environmental emissions of a typical offshore wind farm in China, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018
- Life cycle environmental impacts of wind energy technologies: A review of simplified models and harmonization of the results, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019
- Life-cycle assessment of a 2-MW rated power wind turbine: CML method, The International Journal of of Life Cycle Assessment, 2008
- Life Cycle Environmental Impact of Onshore and Offshore Wind Farms in Texas, Sustainability, 2018
- Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Utility-Scale Wind Power, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2012
- Energy performances and life cycle assessment of an Italian wind farm, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2008
- Life cycle assessment of a floating offshore wind turbine, Renewable Energy, 2009
- Energy and carbon audit of a rooftop wind turbine, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 2006
- Analysis of wind turbine Gearbox’s environmental impact considering its reliability, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018
- Life cycle cost-benefit analysis of offshore wind energy under the climatic conditions in Southeast Asia -- Setting the bottom-line for deployment, Applied Energy, 2019
- Life cycle assessment of a wind farm and related externalities, Renewable Energy,2000
- Life cycle assessment of wind turbines in Pinarbasi-Kayseri, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2013
- Assessing the life cycle environmental impacts of wind power: A review of present knowledge and research needs, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012
- Environmental implications of large-scale adoption of wind power: a scenario-based life cycle assessment, Environmental Research Letters 6, 4, 2011
- A review of life cycle assessments on wind energy systems, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2012
- Life cycle assessment of onshore and offshore wind energy-from theory to application, Applied Energy, 2016
- Life Cycle Analysis of wind–fuel cell integrated system, Renewable Energy, 2005
- Wind Power Electricity: The Bigger the Turbine, The Greener the Electricity?, Environmental Science & Technology, April 2012
- Life cycle assessment of wind power: comprehensive results from a state-of-the-art approach, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2013
- Life cycle analysis of 4.5 MW and 250 W wind turbines, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, October 2009
- Global Resource Indicator for life cycle impact assessment: Applied in wind turbine case study, Journal of Cleaner Production, November 2017
- Comparative life cycle assessment of electricity generation by different wind turbine types, Journal of Cleaner Production, October 2019
- Manufacturing and Recycling Impact on Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Innovative Wind Power Plant Part 2/2, Materials, 2021
- Understanding future emissions from low-carbon power systems by integration of life-cycle assessment and integrated energy modelling, Nature Energy, 2017
- Life Cycle Assessment for Emerging Technologies: Case Studies for Photovoltaic and Wind Power, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2005
- Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy technologies, Renewable Energy, 2006
- Land Use Requirements of Modern Wind Power Plants in the United States, National Renewable Energy Lab, August 2009
- Land Cover and Topography Affect the Land Transformation Caused by Wind Facilities, PLoS ONE, 2014
- Land-use impacts of Brazilian wind power expansion, Environmental Research Letters, 2021
- A Comparison of the Impacts of Wind Energy and Unconventional Gas Development on Land-use and Ecosystem Services: An Example from the Anadarko Basin of Oklahoma, USA, Environmental Management, 2018
- The Society for Conservation Biology, Conservation Biology, 2018
- The impact of land use constraints in multi-objective energy-noise wind farm layout optimization, Renewable Energy, 2016
- A geographic analysis of wind turbine placement in Northern California, Energy Policy, 2006
- Planners to the rescue: Spatial planning facilitating the development of offshore wind energy, Marine Pollution Bulletin, April 2010
- Shifts in wind energy potential following land-use driven vegetation dynamics in complex terrain, Science of the Total Environment, October 2018
- Optimising land use for wind farms, Energy for Sustainable Development, December 2012
- Perspectives on environmental impacts and a land reclamation strategy for solar and wind energy systems, Science of the Total Environment, May 2020
- Offshore wind energy in the world context, Renewable Energy, 1996
- A geographic analysis of wind turbine placement in Northern California, Energy Policy, October 2006
- Airborne wind energy: Optimal locations and variability, Renewable Energy, April 2014
- Considering time in land use planning: An assessment of end-of-life decision making for commercially managed onshore wind schemes, Land Use Policy, September 2019
- Shifting towards offshore wind energy--Recent activity and future development, Energy Policy, February 2013
- Optimizing land use for wind farms using vertical axis wind turbines, European Wind Energy Association, March 2014
- The impact of land use constraints in multi-objective energy-noise wind farm layout optimization, Renewable Energy, January 2016
- The key technology of offshore wind farm and its new development in China, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, January 2009
- Perspectives on environmental impacts and a land reclamation strategy for solar and wind energy systems, Science of the Total Environment, 2020
- Low-impact land use pathways to deep decarbonization of electricity, Environmental Research Letters, 2020
- Land use for United States power generation: A critical review of existing metrics with suggestions for going forward, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021
- Land use and electricity generation: A life-cycle analysis, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009
- Energy Sprawl or Energy Efficiency: Climate Policy Impacts on Natural Habitat for the United States of America, PLOS One, 2009
- Site Renewables Right: Accelerating a Clean and Green Energy Future, Nature Conservancy, February 2022
- Consolidating the State of Knowledge: A Synoptical Review of Wind Energy’s Wildlife Impacts, Environmental Management, April 2015
- Wind, sun, and wildlife: do wind and solar energy development “short-circuit” conservation in the western United States?
- Relative energy production determines effect of repowering on wildlife mortality at wind energy facilities, Journal of Applied Ecology, March 2021
- Offshore Wind Farms and the Environment: Danish Experiences from Horns Rev and Nysted, Danish Energy Authority, 2006
- Pelagic effects of offshore wind farm foundations in the stratified North Sea, Progress in Oceanography, 2017
- Development by Design: Mitigating Wind Development's Impacts on Wildlife in Kansas, Plos One, 2011
- Wind Energy Development and Wildlife Conservation: Challenges and Opportunities, Journal of Wildlife Management, 2007
- Assessing the state of knowledge of utility-scale wind energy development and operation on non-volant terrestrial and marine wildlife, Applied Energy, March 2013
- Demographic and potential biological removal models identify raptor species sensitive to current and future wind energy, EcoSphere, June 2021
- A Comprehensive Analysis of Small-Passerine Fatalities from Collision with Turbines at Wind Energy Facilities, Plos One, September 2014
- Influence of Behavior on Bird Mortality in Wind Energy Developments, The Wildlife Society, December 2010
- Estimates of bird collision mortality at wind facilities in the contiguous United States, Biological Conservation, December 2013
- Variation in bat and bird fatalities at wind energy facilities: assessing the effects of rotor size and tower height, Canadian Science Publishing, March 2007
- Altering turbine speed reduces bat mortality at wind-energy facilities, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, November 2010
- Collision fatality of raptors in wind farms does not depend on raptor abundance, Journal of Applied Ecology, December 2008
- Large scale risk-assessment of wind-farms on population viability of a globally endangered long-lived raptor, Biological Conservation, December 2009
- Upland raptors and the assessment of wind farm impacts, International Journal of Avian Science, March 2006
- Impacts of wind farms on swans and geese: A review, Wildfowl, November 2012
- Response of raptors to a windfarm, Journal of Applied Ecology, 2011
- Assessing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms, Journal of Environmental Management, 2013
- Information Synthesis on the Potential for Bat Interactions with Offshore Wind Facilities, US Department of Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Office of Renewable Energy Programs, 2013
- Bird Mortality in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California, Journal of Wildlife Management, 2008
- Contextualizing avian mortality: A preliminary appraisal of bird and bat fatalities from wind, fossil-fuel, and nuclear electricity, Energy Policy, 2009
- Bats and Wind Energy—A Literature Synthesis and Annotated Bibliography, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2012
- Win-Win for Wind and Wildlife: A Vision to Facilitate Sustainable Development, Plos One, 2011
- Impacts of onshore wind energy production on birds and bats: recommendations for future life cycle impact assessment developments, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessments, 2018
- Negative impact of wind energy development on a breeding shorebird assessed with a BACI study design, International Journal of Avian Science, 2016
- Avian collision risk models for wind energy impact assessments, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2016
- Impact of Wind Energy on Bats: a Summary of our Current Knowledge, Human-Wildlife Interactions, 2016
- Impact of wind turbines on birdlife, International Nuclear Information System, 1993
- Patterns of Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities in North America, Journal of Wildlife Management, 2008
- Collision Effects of Wind‐power Generators and Other Obstacles on Birds, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, June 2008
- Assessing the impacts of wind farms on birds, International Journal of Avian Science, March 2006
- Reduced breeding success in white-tailed eagles at Smøla windfarm, western Norway, is caused by mortality and displacement, Biological Conservation, January 2012
- Avian collision risk at an offshore wind farm, Biology Letters, June 2005
- Mortality at wind-farms is positively related to large-scale distribution and aggregation in griffon vultures, Biological Conservation, January 2012
- Post-construction avian mortality monitoring at Project West Wind, New Zealand Journal of Zoology, June 2012
- Birds and Wind Farms: Risk Assessment and Mitigation (book), June 2007
- Behavioural and environmental correlates of soaring‐bird mortality at on‐shore wind turbines, Journal of Applied Ecology, February 2004
- Spatial Trade-Offs between Wind Power Production and Bird Collision Avoidance in Agricultural Landscapes, Ecology and Society, 2010
- Patterns of Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities in North America, Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative, 2008
- Behavioral Responses of Bats to Operating Wind Turbines, Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative, 2008
- Ecological impacts of wind energy development on bats: questions, research needs, and hypotheses, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2007
- Assessing Impacts of Wind-Energy Development on Nocturnally Active Birds and Bats: A Guidance Document, Journal of Wildlife Management, 2007
- An evaluation of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines in the Northeastern United States, Plos One, August 2020
- Wind Turbine Interactions with Birds, Bats, and their Habitats: A Summary of Research Results and Priority Questions, National Wind Coordinating Collaborative, 2010
- Monitoring the Potential Impact of A Wind Development Site on Bats in the Northeast, Wildlife Management, December 2010
- The impact of repowering of wind farms on birds and bats, Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union, October 2006
- Weak relationship between risk assessment studies and recorded mortality in wind farms, Journal of Applied Ecology, September 2011
- Information needs to support environmental impact assessment of the effects of European marine offshore wind farms on birds, International Journal of Avian Science, March 2006
- Impact of wind turbines on birds in Zeebrugge (Belgium), Biodiversity and Conservation, 2007
- Estimating Wind Turbine–Caused Bird Mortality, Journal of Wildlife Management, November 2007
- Bat Mortality at Wind Turbines in Northwestern Europe, Acta Chiropterologica, 2010
- Greater impacts of wind farms on bird populations during construction than subsequent operation: results of a multi‐site and multi‐species analysis, Journal of Applied Ecology, March 2012
- The distribution of breeding birds around upland wind farms, Journal of Applied Ecology, November 2009
- Assessing the impact of marine wind farms on birds through movement modelling, Journal of The Royal Society Interface, May 2012
- Effects of development of wind energy and associated changes in land use on bird
- Effects of offshore wind farms on marine wildlife—a generalized impact assessment, Environmental Research Letters, 2014
- Assessing underwater noise levels during pile-driving at an offshore windfarm and its potential effects on marine mammals, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2010
- Offshore Windmill Farms: Threats to or Possibilities for the Marine Environment, AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 2006
- Review of Offshore Wind Farm Impact Monitoring and Mitigation with Regard to Marine Mammals, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology (book series), 2016
- The habitat‐creation potential of offshore wind farms, Wind Energy, 2009
- Extensive open ocean aquaculture development within wind farms in Germany: the prospect of offshore co-management and legal constraints, Ocean and Coastal Management, 2004
- Long-term effects of an offshore wind farm in the North Sea on fish communities, Marine Ecology Impact Series, 2015
- Effects of an offshore wind farm on temporal and spatial patterns in the demersal fish community, Marine Ecology Impact Series, 2013
- Short-term ecological effects of an offshore wind farm in the Dutch coastal zone; a compilation, Environmental Research Letters, 2011
- Long-term dynamics of fouling communities found on offshore installations in the North Sea, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2003
- Succession and seasonal dynamics of the epifauna community on offshore wind farm foundations and their role as stepping stones for non-indigenous species, Hydrobiologia, 2015
- Local effects of blue mussels around turbine foundations in an ecosystem model of Nysted off-shore wind farm, Denmark, Journal of Sea Research, 2009
- Negative long term effects on harbour porpoises from a large scale offshore wind farm in the Baltic--evidence of slow recovery, Environmental Research Letters, 2012
- Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and wind farms: a case study in the Dutch North Sea, Environmental Research Letters, 2011
- Effects of pile-driving on harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) at the first offshore wind farm in Germany, Environmental Research Letters, 2013
- Short-term ecological effects of an offshore wind farm in the Dutch coastal zone; a compilation, Environmental Research Letters, 2011
- Effect of the Horns Rev 1 Offshore Wind Farm on Fish Communities. Follow-up Seven Years after Construction: Follow-up Seven Years after Construction, DTU Aqua National Institute of Aquatic Resources
- Effects of the Nysted Offshore Wind Farm on seals in Rodsand seal sanctuary, Ministry of the Environment Denmark, September 2005
- Effect from the construction of Nysted Offshore Wind Farm on seals in Rodsand seal sanctuary based on remote video monitoring, Ministry of the Environment Denmark, June 2004
- Impacts of offshore wind farm construction on harbour porpoises: acoustic monitoring of echolocation activity using porpoise detectors (T-PODs), Marin Ecology Progress Series, September 2006
- The potential compatibility of offshore wind power and fisheries: An example using bluefin tuna in the Adriatic Sea, Ocean & Coastal Management, 2007
- Behavioural reactions of free-ranging porpoises and seals to the noise of a simulated 2 MW windpower generator, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2003
- The Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on Marine Ecosystems: A Review Taking an Ecosystem Services Perspective, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2013
- The effects of temporary exclusion of activity due to wind farm construction on a lobster (Homarus gammarus) fishery suggests a potential management approach, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2018
- Marine Mapping Tool, Nature Conservancy, 2021
- Environmental Impacts of Wind-Energy Projects, National Research Council, 2007
- Wind Turbine Health Impact Study: Report of Independent Expert Panel, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection,Massachusetts Department of Public Health, January 2012
- Wind Turbines and Health, National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health, February 2013
- Wind Turbines and Human Health, Frontiers in Public Health, June 2014
- What is the Wind Turbine Noise and Health Study?, Government of Canada, 2014
- Quantifying the health and environmental benefits of wind power to natural gas, Energy Policy, 2013
- Infrasound Does Not Explain Symptoms Related to Wind Turbines, Prime Minister’s Office Finland, 2020
- Wind Turbines and Human Health Frontiers of Public Health, June 2014
- Wind Turbines: Is There a Human Health Risk?, Journal of Environmental Health, April 2013
- Noise Pollution Prevention in Wind Turbines: Status and Recent Advances, Sustainability, May 2012
- The sound of high winds. The effect of atmospheric stability on wind turbines sound and microphone noise, Groningen University, May 2006
- Noise Pollution Analysis of Wind Turbines in Rural Areas, International Journal of Environmental Research, 2015
- Wind turbines – low level noise sources interfering with restoration?, Environmental Research Letters, January 2008
- Wind turbine audibility and noise annoyance in a national U.S. survey: Individual perception and influencing factors, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146, 1124, 2019
- Human Perception of sound from Wind Turbines, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2010
- A review of offshore windfarm related underwater noise sources, COWRIE, 2004
- Response to noise from modern wind farms in The Netherlands, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2009
- Perception and annoyance due to wind turbine noise -- a dose-response relationship, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2004
- Infrasound and low frequency noise from wind turbines: exposure and health effects, Environmental Research Letters, 2011
- Wind turbine noise, annoyance and self-reported health and well-being in different living environments, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2007
- Health aspects associated with wind turbine noise-- Results from three field studies, Noise Control Engineering Journal, 2011
- Impact of wind turbine sound on annoyance, self-reported sleep disturbance and psychological distress, Science of the Total Environment, 2012
- Low-frequency noise from large wind turbines, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America: Vol 129, No 6, June 2011
- Location and quantification of noise sources on a wind turbine, Journal of Sound and Vibration, February 2007
- The impact of visual factors on noise annoyance among people living in the vicinity of wind turbines, Journal of Environmental Psychology, December 2008
- Can road traffic mask sound from wind turbines? Response to wind turbine sound at different levels of road traffic sound, Energy Policy, May 2010
- A comparison between exposure-response relationships for wind turbine annoyance and annoyance due to other noise sources, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2011
- Response to noise from modern wind farms in The Netherlands, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2009
- Effects of industrial wind turbine noise on sleep and health, Noise and Health, 2012
- Evaluating the impact of wind turbine noise on health-related quality of life, Noise and Health, 2011
- Wind turbine sound and health effects: an expert panel review, Canadian Wind Energy Association, March 2011
- Wind turbine noise and its mitigation techniques: A review, Energy Procedia, February 2019
- Health Effects Related to Wind Turbine Noise Exposure: A Systematic Review, Plos One, December 2014
- Experimental study of the impact of large-scale wind farms on land–atmosphere exchanges, Environmental Research Letters, 2013
- Impacts of wind farms on land surface temperature, Nature Climate Change, 2012
- Potential climatic impacts and reliability of large-scale offshore wind farms, Environmental Research Letters, 2011
- Impacts of wind farms on surface air temperatures, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2010
- Can large wind farms affect local meteorology? Journal of Geophysical Research, 2004
- The influence of large-scale wind power on global climate, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004
- The effect of a giant wind farm on precipitation in a regional climate model, Environmental Research Letters, 2011
- On the influence of large wind farms on the upper ocean circulation, Journal of Marine Systems, 2008
- Impacts of wind farms on land surface temperature, Nature Climate Change, 2012
- Further evidence of impacts of large-scale wind farms on land surface temperature, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012
- Software tool for the analysis of potential impact of wind farms on radiocommunication services, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2011
- Wind Turbines and Aviation Interests - European Experience and Practice, STASYS Ltd, 2002
- Wind farms impact on radar aviation interests - final report, QinetQ, 2003
- Feasibility of mitigating the effects of windfarms on primary radar, United Kingdom, 2003
- Guidelines on How to Assess the Potential Impact of Wind Turbines on Surveillance, Netherlands, 2010
- Effects of Interference on Radars, US Department of Commerce, 2008
- Wind turbine effects on VOR system performance, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2008
- AMT - Estimating reflectivity values from wind turbines for analyzing the potential impact on weather radar services, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2015
- A Way Forward; Wind Farm–Weather Radar Coexistence, 2009
- Electromagnetic interference to television reception caused by horizontal axis windmills, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1979
- Electromagnetic interference from wind turbines, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1999
- Interference to television reception from large wind turbines, NASA STI/Rehttps://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rep/R-REP-BT.2142-2-2015-PDF-E.pdfcon Technical Report, 1983
- The effect of the scattering of digital television signals from wind turbines, International Telecommunication Union, 2015
- First results of a field trial to evaluate the impact of wind turbines on DTV reception quality, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2010
- An Empirical Comparative Study of Prediction Methods for Estimating Multipath Due to Signal Scattering From Wind Turbines on Digital TV Services, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Journals & Magazine, 2011
- Impact analysis of wind farms on telecommunication services, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014
- Analyzing the impact of wind turbines on operational weather radar products, The Sixth European Conference on Radar in Meteorology and Hydrology, 2010
- Detailed Observations of Wind Turbine Clutter with Scanning Weather Radars, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2009
- Analysis of wind turbines radar cross section for analyzing the potential impact on weather radars, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2015
- Radar cross-section of a wind turbine: application to weather radars, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2019
In response to growing misinformation about offshore wind facilities, the Sabin Center has partnered with Urban Ocean Lab to provide up-to-date research to support more informed decision making on offshore wind. A summary of the common concerns about offshore wind energy is available here. For more information and resources on Offshore Wind Facilities, please see below:
Offshore Wind Facilities
- Availability, operation and maintenance costs of offshore wind turbines with different drive train configurations,Wind Energy, July 2017
- Evaluating resource sharing for offshore wind farm maintenance: The case of jack-up vessels, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, July 2019
- Minimizing transportation and installation costs for turbines in offshore wind farms, Renewable Energy, February 2017
- Installation of offshore wind turbines: A technical review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, April 2021
- Maintenance strategy selection for improving cost-effectiveness of offshore wind systems, Energy Conversion and Management, February 2018
- Offshore wind turbine operations and maintenance: A state-of-the-art review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, July 2021
- Decision Support Models for Operations and Maintenance for Offshore Wind Farms: A Review, Applied Sciences, January 2019
- Life Cycle Environmental Impact of Onshore and Offshore Wind Farms in Texas, Sustainability, June 2018
- Life Cycle Assessment of a multi-use offshore platform: Combining wind and wave energy production, Ocean Engineering, November 2017
- Life cycle assessment and net energy analysis of offshore wind power systems, Renewable Energy, March 2017
- A lifecycle financial analysis model for offshore wind farms, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, April 2019
- Research on carbon emission reduction benefit of wind power project based on life cycle assessment theory, Renewable Energy, August 2020
- A life cycle cost model for floating offshore wind farms, Applied Energy, May 2020
- Life Cycle Assessment of Ocean Energy Technologies: A Systematic Review, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, September 2019
- Piasecka, I., Tomporowski, A., Flizikowski, J., Kruszelnicka, W., Kasner, R., Mrozinski, A. (2019). Life Cycle Analysis of Ecological Impacts of an Offshore and a Land-Based Wind Power Plant, Applied Sciences, January 2019
- Assessment of energy use and elimination of CO2 emissions in ithe life cycle of an offshore wind power plant farm, Polish Maritime Research, 2017
- An Integrated Assessment Framework of Offshore Wind Power Projects Applying Equator Principles and Social Life Cycle Assessment, Sustainability, October 2017
- A Framework and Baseline for the Integration of a Sustainable Circular Economy in Offshore Wind, Energies, September 2021
- Risk-based life-cycle assessment of offshore wind turbine support structures accounting for economic constraints, Structural Safety, November 2019
- Offshore Wind Market Report: 2021 Edition, Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 2020
- Guidelines for assessment of investment cost for offshore wind generation, Renewable Energy, August 2011
- Review of offshore wind farm cost components, Energy for Sustainable Development, April 2017
- Nearshore and offshore wind development: Costs and competitive advantage exemplified by nearshore wind in Denmark, Energy for Sustainable Development, June 2019
- Estimating revenues from offshore wind-storage systems: The importance of advanced battery models, Applied Energy, October 2020
- Levelised cost of energy, A challenge for offshore wind, Renewable Energy, November 2020
- Floating offshore wind - Economic and ecological challenges of a TLP solution, Renewable Energy, October 2018
- Using green finance to counteract the adverse effects of COVID-19 pandemic on renewable energy investment-The case of offshore wind power in China, Energy Policy, November 2021
- New Tendencies in Wind Energy Operation and Maintenance, Applied Sciences, 2021
- Disruption to place attachment and the protection of restorative environments: A wind energy case study, Journal of environmental psychology, September 2010
- Offshore Wind Turbine Visibility and Visual Impact Threshold Distances, Environmental Practice, 2013
- Offshore wind farms in Southern Europe–Determining tourist preference and social acceptance, Energy Research & Social Science, November 2015
- From NIMBY to acceptance: Toward a novel framework—VESPA—For organizing and interpreting community concerns, Renewable energy, February 2016
- Place meaning and consistency with offshore wind: An island and coastal tale, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, October 2020
- Energy infrastructure, NIMBYism, and public opinion: a systematic literature review of three decades of empirical survey literature, Environmental Research Letters, August 2020
- Will offshore energy face “Fair winds and following seas”?: Understanding the factors influencing offshore wind acceptance, Estuaries and coasts, January 2015
- Enhancing social acceptance in marine governance in Europe, Ocean & Coastal Management, November 2015
- Will communities “open-up” to offshore wind? Lessons learned from New England islands in the United States, Energy Research & Social Science, December 2017
- Beyond the beach: Tradeoffs in tourism and recreation at the first offshore wind farm in the United States, Energy Research & Social Science, December 2020
- The resurgent conflict between offshore wind farms and tourism: Underlying storylines, Scottish Geographical Journal, May 2014
- Reconsidering barriers to wind power projects: community engagement, developer transparency and place, Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 2018
- Sustainability and tourism: the effect of the United States’ first offshore wind farm on the vacation rental market, Resource and Energy Economics, August 2019
- Assessment of the Potential Costs and Benefits of Offshore Wind Turbines, Global Insight, September 2008
- Atlantic Region Wind Energy Development: Recreation and Tourism Economic Baseline Development, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, & Office of Renewable Energy Programs, September 2012
- Place attachment and marine recreationists' attitudes toward offshore wind energy development, Journal of Leisure Research, December 2017
- The effect of offshore wind power projects on recreational beach use on the east coast of the United States: Evidence from contingent-behavior data, Energy Policy, 2020
- Understanding public responses to offshore wind power, Energy Policy, February 2011
- Sustainability and tourism: the effect of the United States’ first offshore wind farm on the vacation rental market, University of Rhode Island, 2019
- Chains of trust: Energy justice, public engagement, and the first offshore wind farm in the United States, Energy Research & Social Science, January 2019
- National Offshore Wind Strategy: Facilitating the Development of the Offshore Wind Industry in the United States, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, 2016
- Public acceptance of offshore wind power: does perceived fairness of process matter?, Journal of environmental planning and management, December 2012
- Perceptions of commercial and recreational fishers on the potential ecological impacts of the Block Island Wind Farm (US), Frontiers in Marine Science, November 2018
- Local voices on renewable energy projects: the performative role of the regulatory process for major offshore infrastructure in England and Wales, Local Environment, March 2018
- Public engagement with offshore renewable energy: a critical review, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, March 2014
- Faring well in offshore wind power siting? Trust, engagement and process fairness in the United States, Energy Research & Social Science, April 2020
- Community benefits, framing and the social acceptance of offshore wind farms: an experimental study in England, Energy Research & Social Science, September 2014
- Resident perceptions of local offshore wind energy development: Modeling efforts to improve participatory processes, Energy Policy, February 2021
- Re-visiting the ‘social gap’: public opinion and relations of power in the local politics of wind energy, Environmental Politics, February 2013
- The role of values in public beliefs and attitudes towards commercial wind energy, Energy Policy, July 2013
- Why we still don’t understand the social aspects of wind power: A critique of key assumptions within the literature, Energy policy, April 2010
- Justice, social exclusion and indigenous opposition: A case study of wind energy development on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, Energy Research & Social Science, April 2019
- Public perception of offshore wind farms in Ireland, Marine Policy, 2021
- FACT SHEET: Biden Administration Jumpstarts Offshore Wind Energy Projects to Create Jobs, White House, 2021
- Lessons from stakeholder dialogues on marine aquaculture in offshore wind farms: Perceived potentials, constraints and research gaps, Marine Policy, January 2015
- Private incentives for the emergence of co-production of offshore wind energy and mussel aquaculture, Aquaculture, November 2014
- Evaluation of Potential EMF Effects on Fish Species of Commercial or Recreational Fishing Importance in Southern New England, US Department of the Interior, 2019
- Feasibility of investment in blue growth multiple-use of space and multi-use platform projects; results of a novel assessment approach and case studies, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, June 2019
- Assessment of the geographical potential for co-use of marine space, based on operational boundaries for Blue Growth sectors, Marine Policy, February 2019
- Marine spatial planning makes room for offshore aquaculture in crowded coastal waters, Nature communications, March 2018
- Offshore wind farm in marine spatial planning and the stakeholders engagement: Opportunities and challenges for Taiwan, Ocean & coastal management, November 2017
- Revisiting approaches to marine spatial planning: perspectives on and implications for the United States, Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, July 2017
- Offshore Wind Projects and Fisheries: Conflict and Engagement in the United Kingdom and the United States, Oceanography, June 2020
- Overview of the effects of offshore wind farms on fisheries and aquaculture, Publications of the European Union, May 2021
- Integrating wind turbines and fish farms: an evaluation of potential risks to marine and coastal bird species, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, June 2020
- Acoustic Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy on Fishery Resources: An Evolving Source and Varied Effects Across a Wind Farm’s Lifetime, Oceanography, 2020
- Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Power Production in the North Sea, WWF- Norway, 2014
- Fishing within offshore wind farms in the North Sea: Stakeholder perspectives for multi-use from Scotland and Germany, Journal of Environmental Management, February 2021
- The Interaction Between Resource Species and Electromagnetic Fields Associated with Electricity Production by Offshore Wind Farms, Oceanography, 2020
- Offshore Wind Projects and Fishers: Conflicts and Engagement in the United Kingdom and the United States, Oceanography, December 2020
- Offshore Wind and Fisheries: The Science Behind Coexistence, American Clean Power
- Considerations for Offshore Wind Energy Development Effects on Fish and Fisheries in the United States, Oceanography, December 2020
- Offshore Wind Farm Artificial Reefs Affect Ecosystem Structure and Functioning: A Synthesis, Oceanography, 2020
- The Interaction Between Resource Species and Electromagnetic Fields Associated with Electricity Production by Offshore Wind Farms, Oceanography, 2020
- Offshore renewable energy improves habitat, increases fish, Rhode Island Sea Grant, 2020
- A GIS modelling framework to evaluate marine spatial planning scenarios: Co-location of offshore wind farms and aquaculture in the German EEZ, Marine Policy, 2015
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Environmental Impact Assessment in the Approval of Offshore Wind Farms in the German Exclusive Economic Zone, Offshore Wind Energy, 2006
- Bird killer, industrial intruder or clean energy? Perceiving risks to ecosystem services due to an offshore wind farm, Ecological Economics, January 2018
- Environmental and social footprint of offshore wind energy. Comparison with onshore counterpart, Renewable Energy, July 2016
- Quantifying avian avoidance of offshore wind turbines: current evidence and key knowledge gaps, Marine environmental research, September 2018
- Risk analysis for US offshore wind farms: the need for an integrated approach, Risk Analysis, April 2015
- Environmental impacts of decommissioning: onshore versus offshore wind farms, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, July 2020
- Effects of offshore wind farms on marine wildlife—a generalized impact assessment, Environmental Research Letters, March 2014
- Food safety during seaweed cultivation at offshore wind farms: An exploratory study in the North Sea, Marine Policy, October 2020
- Assessing environmental impacts of offshore wind farms: lessons learned and recommendations for the future, Aquatic Biosystems, 2014
- Potential environmental effects of deepwater floating offshore wind energy facilities, Ocean and Coastal Management, 2021